Sunscreen. We all know it, we all use it (or at least, we should). But how much do we really know about what we're slathering on our skin in the name of sun protection?
Today, we're diving deep into the world of mineral sunscreen, a product that's been making waves in the skincare industry and beyond. We’ll be exploring everything there is to know about mineral sunscreen - the benefits, the misconceptions, the key differences with their chemical counterparts, and even some of the best products on the market.
So, whether you're a skincare newbie or a seasoned pro, stick around. You might just learn something new.
Basking in the Sun or Basking in Harm? The Hidden Dangers of Skipping Sunscreen
We've all experienced it - that painful, red skin after a day out in the sun without proper protection. It's not just uncomfortable, it's a sign of damage to your skin cells from the sun's ultraviolet (UV) rays. But sunburn is just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to the risks of not wearing sunscreen.
Prolonged exposure to UV rays can lead to more serious health issues.
Premature aging, or photoaging, is one of them. This includes wrinkles, sunspots, and leathery skin, which are caused by the breakdown of collagen in your dermis from UV radiation. Indeed, an estimated 90% of skin aging is caused by the sun. (Skin Cancer Foundation, 2019). More seriously, UV rays can also lead to skin cancer, including melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer. In fact, a study conducted in UK found that 86% of melanomas can be attributed to UV radiation from the sun. UV rays can also cause severe eye damage, including cataracts, macular degeneration, corneal sunburn and conjunctival cancers (Skin Cancer Foundation).
Even on windy, cloudy, cool days, the sun's harmful UV rays can penetrate your skin. Clouds block some UV, but over 90% can still pass through light cloud and cause sunburn. Snow, sand, and water can reflect and intensify the damaging rays, increasing the likelihood of sunburn (Cancer Research UK).
This is where sunscreen, especially broad-spectrum sunscreen like mineral sunscreen, comes in. By applying sunscreen, you're adding a protective layer on your skin that absorbs, reflects, or scatters the sun's rays, significantly reducing your risk of sun damage.
The Sunscreen Showdown: Mineral vs. Chemical
When it comes to sunscreen, you've probably heard the terms 'mineral' and 'chemical' thrown around. But what do these terms mean, and how do they affect your sun protection? Let's break it down.
Difference #1: Composition and Interaction with UV Rays
The primary distinction between mineral (also known as “physical”) and chemical sunscreens lies in their interaction with the sun's rays. Chemical sunscreen absorbs UV rays, working like a sponge. Mineral sunscreen, on the other hand, works like a shield: it sits on top of your skin and reflects the sun's rays (American Academy of Dermatology Association).
The way these two types of sunscreens handle the sun’s rays can be better understood by looking at their ingredients. Chemical sunscreens, also known as organic sunscreens, contain organic (carbon-based) compounds, such as oxybenzone, avobenzone, octisalate, octocrylene, homosalate, and octinoxate, which create a chemical reaction and work by changing UV rays into heat, then releasing that heat from the skin. Instead, mineral sunscreens are made of two key active ingredients, namely zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, that form a protective layer on your skin (Everyday Health, 2021).
Before diving deep into these two minerals, let’s take a step back to refresh some basic concepts about UV radiation.
UV radiation is part of the natural energy produced by the sun. On the electromagnetic spectrum, UV light falls between visible light and X-rays and can be further divided into UVA, UVB, and UVC rays. In general, UVA rays can prematurely age your skin, causing wrinkles and age spots, while UVB rays can burn your skin.
UVA rays make up the majority of our sun exposure.
They are less intense than UVB rays but are more prevalent, accounting for up to 95% of the UV radiation reaching the Earth. UVA rays are present with relatively equal intensity during all daylight hours throughout the year and can penetrate clouds and glass. UVA rays penetrate the skin more deeply than UVB rays and are the primary cause of early skin aging and wrinkle formation (photoaging). Studies over the past two decades show that UVA damages skin cells at the basal layer of the skin, where most skin cancers occur.
UVB rays damage the outermost layers of your skin and are the primary cause of sunburn.
The intensity of UVB rays varies by season, location, and time of day, with 10AM to 4PM being the peak hours. Sunburned skin can also be a sign that there has been damage to the skin's DNA, which can lead to skin cancer. UVB rays do not significantly penetrate glass (Skin Cancer Foundation).
UVC rays are instead stopped by the ozone layer.
Both UVA and UVB rays can cause melanoma, the most dangerous type of skin cancer (Cancer Council NSW). This is why it's important to choose a sunscreen that offers broad-spectrum protection, meaning it can protect you from both UVA and UVB rays.
Mineral formulas ensure broad-spectrum protection thanks to their ingredients, specifically zinc oxide and titanium dioxide. They are naturally occurring minerals, derived from chalky, reflective materials, which are beneficial in reflecting the sun's rays (Livestrong). Zinc oxide is a broad-spectrum protector, meaning it shields your skin from both UVA and UVB rays. Zinc oxide is particularly effective in the UVA range. Titanium dioxide, on the other hand, is more effective in blocking UVB rays. When combined with zinc oxide, these two ingredients assure a broad-band UV protection (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2011).
Most chemical sunscreens on the market also offer broad-spectrum protection as they are commonly formulated using a blend of ingredients. In fact, single chemicals alone tend not to offer broad-spectrum coverage on their own (Cetaphil). In any case, when purchasing a chemical sunscreen, we suggest looking for one that is listed as “broad-spectrum”.
In conclusion, in terms of sun protection, there is no clear winner. “The most effective sunscreen is the one you will you use,” dermatologist Nananamibia Duffy, M.D., says, highlighting that the efficacy of every sunscreen (as long as it is a broad-spectrum lotion with 30+) depends on wearing it consistency (Healthline).
Difference #2: Potential Health Effects
As most chemicals used in chemical sunscreens can be absorbed by the skin, concerns about skin irritation as well as potential health effects exist. The FDA itself has called for additional safety information on 12 active ingredients commonly found in chemical sunscreens (Everyday Health).
For instance, oxybenzone is known to disrupt hormones and to cause allergic skin reactions. Recent studies suggest that it may increase the risk of breast cancer and endometriosis. Octinoxate, another common ingredient in chemical sunscreens, can cause allergic reactions when exposed to UV light and has been shown to affect thyroid hormone production and other endocrine targets (EWG).
Conversely, zinc oxide and titanium dioxide are classified by the FDA as safe and effective. These ingredients are often used in nanoparticle form to improve the sunscreen's user-friendliness and effectiveness. While these nanoparticles don't penetrate the skin, some studies suggest that a small fraction of the nano-sized zinc oxide and titanium dioxide can be solubilized in a formulation and possibly when in contact with the skin, and a part of this solubilized fraction may subsequently be absorbed (EWG). Also, the European Commission's Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) states that while zinc oxide nanoparticles do not penetrate the skin, some minimal absorption of zinc was demonstrated. This absorption is likely in the form of solubilized zinc ions, which could potentially disturb the homeostatic zinc balance of the body. It is worth specifying that the research on mineral sunscreens, especially those using nanoparticles, is still ongoing, and more studies are needed to fully understand their potential risks.
Nevertheless, mineral formulas are generally less likely to cause skin irritation, making them a good choice for people with sensitive skin. “Some individuals with sensitive or reactive skin may find mineral sunscreens less irritating compared to chemical sunscreens,” says Akis Ntonos, dermatology nurse practitioner, injectable specialist and co-founder of Aion Aesthetics in New York. “Mineral sunscreens tend to be less likely to cause allergic reactions or skin irritation, although this can vary from person to person.” (CNN, 2023).
Lastly, mineral formulas tend to also be non-comedogenic and non-inflammatory to those with acne-prone skin. And zinc oxide may even help to improve acne (Byrdie, 2023; Skin Software).
Difference #3: Skin Application
Mineral sunscreens can be thicker and might leave a white cast on the skin, although many newer formulations are less noticeable. Chemical formulas are instead lighter and easier to rub into the skin without leaving a white residue, making them popular for daily use and in spray sunscreens (source: CNET). Nonetheless, newer non-greasy mineral formulas with tinted zinc oxide and titanium dioxide have been decently developed, for example Babo Botanicals Sheer Mineral Sunscreen Lotion SFP50.
Mineral sunscreens start protecting you as soon as you apply them, while chemical sunscreens need about 20-30 minutes to take effect (Health, 2023). Yet, mineral options aren’t always as water resistant as chemical sunscreens, hence frequent re-applications are recommended (Healthline).
Sunscreen and the Sea: Environmental Impact of Chemical and Mineral Sunscreens
As we've explored the benefits of sunscreen for our skin, it's equally important to consider its impact on our environment. The debate around sunscreen's environmental impact often centers on two types: chemical and mineral, with the latter further divided into nano and non-nano formulations.
Chemical sunscreens, while effective at protecting our skin, have been found to cause significant harm to marine ecosystems. Ingredients like oxybenzone and octinoxate can cause coral bleaching and are toxic to marine life. These chemicals can accumulate in water bodies, leading to long-term environmental damage (National Ocean Service).
Mineral sunscreens are often touted as a more environmentally friendly alternative. They sit on the skin's surface and reflect UV rays, rather than absorbing them like chemical sunscreens. However, the story gets more complex when we consider the size of these minerals.
Many mineral sunscreens use nanoparticles of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide to avoid the notorious white cast left by these ingredients. However, recent research suggests that these nanoparticles can be harmful to marine life. They can be ingested by coral and other marine organisms, potentially causing harm (1 Million Women, 2021; Ecotoxicology, 2022). Non-nano mineral sunscreens, on the other hand, use larger particles that are less likely to be ingested by marine life. While they may leave a more noticeable white cast on the skin, they're generally considered to be the safest option for the environment (Earth.org).
While no sunscreen is without environmental impact, some options are better than others. Non-nano mineral sunscreens appear to be the most eco-friendly choice currently available. And as consumers and global citizens, we must balance our need for sun protection with the health of our planet.
Sun-Smart Eco-friendly Selections: Top Non-Nano Mineral Sunscreens of 2023
So, you're on board with protecting your skin (high five to that!) and you're all about saving our oceans too (double high five!). But how do you pick a sunscreen that ticks both boxes? Well, I've got you covered. Here are eight brands that offer non-nano mineral sunscreens, standing out for their commitment to eco-friendly practices:
Suntribe is a Swedish company offering “worry-free” sunscreens that are 100% free from synthetic chemicals and unnecessary additives.
Sol de Ibiza creates certified organic mineral sunscreens that come with plastic-free and zero-waste packaging.
Naif offers mineral vegan sunscreens that are kind to your skin and the environment.
PURU is a Swiss brand that offers 100% natural sunscreens.
Raw Love Sunscreen is a company founded in Hawaii producing eco-friendly, reef friendly, biodegradable, moisturizing mineral sunscreen.
SURFMUD is an Australian company born out of the need for a natural, reef-safe sunscreen for surfers.
Sun & Earth is an Australian brand offering zinc-based sunscreens that are biodegradable and safe for marine life.
People of the Earth offers mineral sunscreens that are made with organic ingredients and free from harmful chemicals.
Remember, the best sunscreen is the one you'll actually and consistently use. So, find your sunscreen soulmate. One that fits your skin, your lifestyle, and your love for Mother Earth. And don't forget, apply it like your skin depends on it, because, well, it does!
FAQs
What is the difference between mineral and chemical sunscreen?
Mineral sunscreens use physical blockers like zinc oxide or titanium dioxide to reflect UV rays. Chemical sunscreens use organic compounds to absorb UV rays and convert them to heat.
Which is better: mineral sunscreen or chemical?
Both types have their advantages. Mineral sunscreens are generally gentler on sensitive skin and are reef-safe. Chemical sunscreens tend to be more lightweight and less visible on the skin.
What are the active ingredients typically found in chemical sunscreens?
Chemical sunscreens contain organic compounds like avobenzone, octinoxate, octisalate, and oxybenzone.
Which ingredients are commonly used in mineral sunscreens?
Mineral sunscreens primarily use zinc oxide and titanium dioxide as active ingredients.
Can you still tan with mineral sunscreen?
Yes, but mineral sunscreens reflect a significant amount of UV rays, reducing the intensity of tanning.
How much cancer is caused by the sun?
The sun is responsible for 90% of non-melanoma skin cancers and 65% of melanomas.
What type of cancer is caused by the sun?
The sun primarily causes skin cancers, including basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.
What are the 3 types of UV rays?
The three types of UV rays are UVA, UVB, and UVC.
What is the difference between UVA, UVB, and UVC radiation?
UVA rays penetrate the skin deeply and are primarily responsible for premature aging and wrinkling. UVB rays are the primary cause of sunburn and can directly damage the DNA in skin cells, leading to most skin cancers. UVC rays are the most dangerous but are completely filtered out by the Earth's atmosphere and do not reach the surface.
Which UV ray is most harmful?
UVB rays are the primary cause of sunburn and skin cancers, making them the most harmful.
Are there any negative effects of sunscreen?
Some chemical sunscreens can cause skin irritations and allergies. They may also harm marine life and coral reefs.
Is it ok to use sunscreen daily?
Yes, daily use of sunscreen is recommended to protect the skin from harmful UV rays.
How long after applying sunscreen should you reapply?
Sunscreen should be reapplied every 2 hours or immediately after swimming or sweating.
How is sunscreen affecting marine life?
Chemical sunscreens with oxybenzone and octinoxate can harm marine life and contribute to coral bleaching.
Is mineral sunscreen better for reefs?
Yes, mineral sunscreens are considered reef-safe as they don't contain chemicals harmful to coral reefs.
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